Estimated associations between vaccination status and COVID-19 severity
| Outcome | Intensive care | Respiratory support | ||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Influenza vaccine | 0.919*** | 0.927** | 0.818*** | 0.825*** |
| (0.864 to 0.977) | (0.871 to 0.986) | (0.759 to 0.880) | (0.767 to 0.887) | |
| Sample size | 39 156 | 39 156 | 39 745 | 39 745 |
Table 3 compares the need for intensive care (columns 1 and 2) as well as invasive respiratory support (columns 3 and 4) among patients with and without influenza vaccination. Columns 1 and 3 control for age and treatment facility only. Columns 2 and 4 also control for SES and comorbidities. All estimates are based on multivariable logistic regression models. Estimated coefficients are expressed as ORs with 95% CIs in parentheses. SEs are adjusted for clustering at the facility level using the Huber-White cluster-robust variance estimator. Age controls correspond to separate binary indicator variables for each 10-year age group. SES controls include gender, race and educational attainment group. Missing data on comorbidities and SES were imputed using multiple imputations using chained equations.
*p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
SES, socioeconomic status.